Never Give Up

To know more about what your ability to believe in yourself can do, just imagine

a young girl who learned dancing when she was three-years old and whose greatest

passion remains dancing. She loses one of her legs in an accident. Read on this true

incident that took place almost 20 years ago and find out whether she gives up dancing

or fights back to realize what she believes in:

Sudha Chandran, a classical dancer from India, was cut off in the prime of her

career --quite literally -- when her right leg had to be amputated after a car accident.

Though the incident brought her bright career to a halt, she didn't give up.

 

In the painful months that followed, she met a doctor who developed an

 

artificial limb made from vulcanized rubber filled with sponge. She helped her to

 

use this new artificial leg. So intense was her desire that she decided to go back to

 

dancing after she had been fitted with an artificial leg. Sudha knew that she

 

believed in herself and could fulfill her dream, She began her courageous journey

 

back to the world of dancing - learning to balance, bend, stretch, walk, turn,

 

twist, twirl and finally dance.

 

After every public recital, she would ask her Dad about her performance.

 

"You still have a long way to go" was the answer she used to get in return.

 

In January 1984, Sudha made a historic comeback by giving a public recital

 

in Bombay. She performed in such a marvelous manner that it moved everyone to

 

tears while catapulting her to the number one position again. That evening when

 

she asked the usual question her dad, he didn't say anything. He just touched her

 

feet as a tribute to a great artiste.

 

Sudha's comeback was such heart-warming that a film producer was

 

inspired to capture the incident into a celluloid box office hit `Mayuri.' When

 

someone asked Sudha how she had managed to dance again, she said quite

 

simply, : "YOU DON'T NEED FEET TO DANCE."

Think About It!

 

If we could shrink the earth's population to a village

of precisely 100 people, with all the existing human

ratios remaining the same, it would look something

like the following :

There would be:

57 Asians

21 Europeans

14 from the Western Hemisphere, both north and south

8 Africans

52 would be female

48 would be male

70 would be non-white

30 would be white

70 would be non-Christian

30 would be Christian

6 people would possess 59% of the entire world's

wealth and all 6 would be from the United States.

80 would live in substandard housing

70 would be unable to read

50 would suffer from malnutrition

1 would be near death; 1 would be near birth

1 (yes, only 1) would have a college education

1 would own a computer

ادامه نوشته

A Shoulder to Cry on

My mother used to ask me what is the most important part of the body. Through the

years I would take a guess at what I thought was the correct answer. When I was

younger, I thought sound was very important to us as humans, so I said, "My ears,

Mommy." She said, "No -- Many people are deaf. But you keep thinking about it and I

will ask you again soon."

Several years passed before she asked me again. Since making my first attempt, I had

contemplated the correct answer. So this time I told her, "Mommy, sight is very

important to everybody, so it must be our eyes." She looked at me and told me, "You

are learning fast, but the answer is not correct because there are many people who are

blind." Stumped again, I continued my quest for knowledge and over the years, Mother

asked me a couple more times and always her answer was, "No. But you are getting

smarter every year, my young child."

Then last year, my grandpa died. Everybody was hurt. Everybody was crying. Even my

father cried. I remember that especially because it was only the second time I saw him

cry. My Mom looked at me when it was our turn to say our final good-bye to Grandpa.

She asked me, "Do you know the most important body part yet, my son?"

I was shocked when she asked me this now. I always thought this was a game between

her and me. She saw the confusion on my face and told me, "This question is very

important. It shows that you have really lived in your life. For every body part you gave

me in the past, I have told you was wrong and I have given you an example why. But

today is the day you need to learn this important lesson." She looked down at me as

only a mother can. I saw her eyes well up with tears. She said, "Son, the most

important body part is your shoulder."

I asked, "Is it because it holds up my head?" She replied, "No, it is because it can hold

the head of a friend or a loved one when they cry. Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on

sometime in life, my son. I only hope that you have enough love and friends that you

will always have a shoulder to cry on when you need it."

Then and there I knew the most important body part is not a selfish one -- it is

sympathetic to the pain of Others.

People will forget what you said ... People will forget what you did... But people will

Never Forget how you made them feel

 

Anyone Home?

One day a 6 year old girl was sitting in a classroom. The teacher was going to

explain evolution to the children. The teacher asked a little boy:

TEACHER: Tommy do you see the tree outside?

TOMMY: Yes.

TEACHER: Do you see the grass outside?

TOMMY: Yes.

TEACHER: Go outside and look up and see if you can see the sky.

TOMMY: Okay. (He returned a few minutes later) Yes, I saw the sky.

TEACHER: Did you see God?

TOMMY: No.

TEACHER: That's my point. We can't see God because he isn't there. He

doesn't exist.

A little girl spoke up and wanted to ask the boy some questions. The teacher

agreed and the little girl asked the boy:

LITTLE GIRL: Tommy, do you see the tree outside?

TOMMY: Yes.

LITTLE GIRL: Tommy, do you see the grass outside?

TOMMY: Yessssssss (getting tired of the questions by this time.

LITTLE GIRL: Do you see the teacher?

TOMMY: Yes

LITTLE GIRL: Do you see her brain?

TOMMY: No

LITTLE GIRL: Then according to what we were taught today in school she

must not have one!

"FOR WE WALK BY FAITH, NOT BY SIGHT"

Nelson Mandela

Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate

Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure

It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us

We ask ourselves, "Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented,

fabulous?"

Actually, who are you not to be? You're a child of God.

Your playing small doesn't serve the world. There's nothing

enlightened about shrinking so other people won't feel insecure

around you.

We are all meant to shine as children do. We are born to

manifest the glory of God that is within us.

It's not just in some of us: it's in everyone.

And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other

people permission to do the same.

As we're liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically

liberates others.

THE BOY AND THE APPLE TREE

A long time ago, there was a huge apple tree. A little boy loved to come and play

around it everyday. He climbed to the treetop, ate the apples, and took a nap under the

shadow. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him. Time went by, the little

boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree every day.

One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad.

"Come and play with me", the tree asked the boy.

"I am no longer a kid, I do not play around trees any more" the boy replied.

"I want toys. I need money to buy them."

"Sorry, but I do not have money, but you can pick all my apples and sell them. So, you

will have money."

The boy was so excited. He grabbed all the apples on the tree and

left happily. The boy never came back after he picked the apples.

The tree was sad.

One day, the boy who now turned into a man returned and the tree

was excited.

"Come and play with me" the tree said.

ادامه نوشته

انسان

انسان همانند رودخانه است،

 

هرچه عمیق ترباشد،آرام تراست.

نامه اي به خدا

 

يک روز کارمند پستي که به نامه هايي که آدرس نامعلوم دارند رسيدگي مي کرد متوجه

نا مه اي شد که روي پاکت آن با خطي لرزان نوشته شده بود نامه اي به خدا با خودش

فکر کرد بهتر است نامه را باز کرده و بخواند.در نامه اين طور نوشته شده بود

خداي عزيزم بيوه زني ۸۳ ساله هستم که زندگي ام با حقوق نا چيز باز نشستگي مي

گذرد.ديروز يک نفر کيف مرا که صد دلار در آن بود دزديدند.اين تمام پولي بود که تا

پايان ماه بايد خرج مي کردم.يکشنبه هفته ديگر عيد است و من دو نفر از دوستانم را براي

شام دعوت کرده ام. اما بدون آن پول چيزي نمي توانم بخرم. هيچ کس را هم ندارم تا

از او پول قرض بگيرم.تو اي خداي مهربان تنها اميد من هستي به من کمک کن. کارمند

اداره پست خيلي تحت تاثير قرار گرفت و نامه را به ساير همکارانش نشان داد.نتيجه اين

شد که همه آنها جيب خود را جستجو کردند و هر کدام چند دلاري روي ميز ذاشتند.در

پايان ۹۶ دلار چمع شد و براي پيرزن فرستادند.همه کارمندان اداره پست از اينکه توانسته

بودند کار خوبي انجام دهند خوشحال بودند.عيد به پايان رسيدو چند روزي از اين

ماجرا گذشت.تا اين که نامه ديگري از آن پيرزن به اداره پست رسيدکه روي آن نوشته

شده بود:نامه اي به خداهمه کارمندان جمع شدند تا نامه را باز کرده و بخوانند. مضمون

نامه چنين بود

خداي عزيزم. چگونه مي توانم از کاري که برايم انجام دادي تشکر کنم.با لطف تو

توانستم شامي عالي براي دوستانم مهيا کرده وروز خوبي را با هم بگذرانيم. من به آنها

گفتم که چه هديه خوبي برايم

فرستادي البته چهار دلار آن کم بود که مطمئنم کارمندان اداره پست آن را برداشته اند

 

 

10 Real Life Lessons I learned from Brain Tumors, Cancer, Suicide & Success

By Debbie Gisonni (Adapted from Vita’s Will)

Death is never easy. It brings your life into focus. Over a period of four

years, I lost my mother, father, younger sister and a close aunt. My high

tech career afforded me a six-figure income. I had the prestige of

being one of the youngest women in Silicon Valley to run a top trade

magazine. Yet, at the peak of my career, I decided to walk away. The

deaths in my family brought me to a new realization; I had do

something more meaningful for myself and for others.

What emerged was Vita’s Will: Real Life Lessons about Life, Death &

Moving On: a book about this experience and the important life

lessons I learned from brain tumors, cancer, suicide and success.

Named after my mother, Vita, which means life in Italian. I’ve taken

the real life lessons from the book and condensed them down to ten

mega lessons. I hope they help give you a perspective on your own life

struggles.

1. Remember Your Inner Power.

Remember when you were a child and you thought you could do just

about anything? Somewhere along the line, words like, “I can’t,”

“It’s impossible” or “I don’t know how,” crept into your vocabulary

and you started believing them. But we all begin life with a

storehouse of personal power and we can draw on this when the

chips are down.

Although Vita was chronically ill and disabled for ten years, she had

a remarkable sense of her inner strength. The doctors told us she

would never walk again, but she did. They said she would never eat

again, but she did. They said she would never come home, but she

did. She taught us that you could do anything if you wanted it badly

enough. And she did.

2. Move With Life, Not Against It.

ادامه نوشته

ميوه ...

 

اگر بخواهيد خودتان (یا شخص دیگری ) را به ميوه تشبيه کنيد ؛ به نظر خودتان شبيه

کداميک از ميوه های زیر هستيد؟

سيب ، هلو، ليمو، گوجه سبز ، توت فرنگی، پرتقال ، خيار ، انار، هندوانه ، گيلاس ،

کيوی، موز

پس از پاسخ ؛ معنی هر ميوه را همين پایين ملاحظه بفرمائيد

.

. سيب: سر زنده و شاد.

هلو: ملوس و دوست داشتنی،

ليمو: تلخ و بد اخلاق.

گوجه سبز:لج باز

توت فرنگی: جذاب و مغرور.

پرتقال: باهوش و زيرک.

خيار: ساکت و تنها.

انار: سکسی(جذاب) و لوند،

هندوانه: مهربون و شيرين.

گيلاس: خجالتی و تو دل برو.

کيوی: ساکت و آرام

موز: با وقار...

 

فلسفه و راز زندگي ...

يك روز سر کلاس فلسفه ،

استاد ظرف بزرگ شيشه اي را روي ميز قرار داد و اون رو پر از توپ هاي بيليارد کرد ،

سپس از شاگردان پرسيد آيا اين شيشه پر شده ؟

شاگردان پاسخ دادند : بله

سپس استاد تعدادي تيله را توي شيشه ريخت ، تيله ها بين توپ ها جا گرفتند ، استاد

پرسيد آيا شيشه پر است ؟

شاگردان جواب دادند : بله

بعد استاد ظرف را با ماسه پر کرد ، ماسه ها تمام فضاي خالي را اشغال کردند ، استاد

پرسيد آيا ظرف پر شده است ؟

شاگردان جواب دادند : بله

استاد گفت زندگي مانند اين شيشه است ، مسايل اصلي زندگي مانند توپ بيليارد

، مسايل تقريبا مهم مثل تيله و مسايل جزئي مثل ماسه ، اگه شيشه رو با ماسه پر

کنيد جايي براي تيله ها و توپ ها نميمونه.

3 Wishes!

A woman was out golfing one day when she hit the ball

into the woods. She went into the woods to look for it

and found a frog in a trap. The frog said to her, "If you

release me from this trap, I will grant you three 3 wishes. "

The woman freed the frog.

The frog said, "Thank you, but I failed to mention that

there was a condition to your wishes - that whatever you

wish for, your husband will get ten times more or better! "

The woman said, "That would be okay."

For her first wish, she wanted to be the most beautiful

woman in the world. The frog warned her, "You do

realize that this wish will also make your husband the most

handsome man in the world, an Adonis that women will

flock to."

The woman replied, "That will be okay because I will be

the most beautiful woman and he will only have eyes for

me."

So, she became the most beautiful woman in the world.

For her second wish, she wanted to be the richest

woman in the world. The frog said, "That will make your

husband the richest man in the world and he will be ten

times richer than you ." The woman said, "That will be

okay because what's mine is his and what's his is mine."

So, she became the richest woman in the world!

The frog then inquired about her third wish, And she answered, "I'd

like a mild heart attack !"

Moral of the story: Women are clever. Don't mess with them!

Attention Lady readers:

This is the end of the joke for you. Stop here,

close the mail and continue feeling better !

Male Readers, please scroll down.............

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....

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The man had a 10 times milder Heart Attack !!!

Moral of the Story:

Women are not so clever, continue messing with them !!!

 

 

A Joke

A guy walking down the street sees a woman with perfect breasts. He says to her, “Hey miss, would you let me bite your breasts for $100 dollars?

“Are you nuts?!!” she replies, and keeps walking away. He turns around, runs around the block and gets to the corner before she does.

“Would you let me bite your breasts for $1,000 dollars?” he asks again.

“Listen you, I’m not that kind of woman! Got it?” So the guy runs around the next block and faces her again. “Would you let me bite your breasts just once for $10,000 dollars?”

She thinks about it for a while and

ادامه نوشته

پیوسته باید مواظب سه چیز باشیم .

وقتی تنها هستیم مواظب افکار خود ،

وقتی با خانواده هستیم مراقب اخلاق خود

و وقتی که در جامعه می باشیم مواظب زبان خود .

مادام داستال

موفقیت

 

معمولا نصیب کسانی می شود که وقتی برای جستجوی آن ندارند.

نامه ابراهام لینکلن به آموزگار فرزندش

« او باید بداند که همه مردم عادل و همه آنها صادق نیستند . اما به فرزندم بیاموزید که به ازای هر شیاد ، انسانهای صدیق هم وجود دارند . به او بگویید در ازای هر سیاستمدار خودخواه ، رهبر با همتی هم وجود دارد به بیاموزید که در ازای هر دشمن ، دوستی هم هست . می دانم که وقت می گیرد؛ اما به او بیاموزید که اگر با کار و زحمت خویش یک دلار کاسبی کند ، بهتر از آن است که جایی روی زمین پنج دلار پیدا کند . به او بیاموزید که از باختن پند بگیرد و از پیروز شدن لذت ببرد . او را از غبطه خوردن برحذر دارد . به او نقش  و تأثیر مهم خندیدن را یادآور شوید . اگر  می توانید به او نقش مهم کتاب را در زندگی آموزش دهید . به او بگویید تعمق کند ، به پرندگان در حال پرواز در دل آسمان ، به گلهای درون باغچه ، به زنبور ها که در هوا پرواز می کنند ، دقیق شوید .

   به فرزندم بیاموزید که در مدرسه بهتر از این است که مردود شود ؛ اما با تقلب به قبولی نرسد . به او یاد بدهید با ملایم ها ، ملایم و با گردن کش ها ، گردن کش باشد . به عقایدش ایمان داشته باشد ؛ حتی اگر همه خلاف او حرف بزنند . به او یاد بدهید که همه حرفها را بشنود و سخنی را که بنظرش درست می رسد ، انتخاب کند. ارزش های زندگی را به فرزندم آموزش دهید به او یاد بدهید که در اوج اندوه تبسم کند . به او بیاموزید که در اشک ریختن خجالتی وجود ندارد . به او بیاموزید که  می تواند برای فکر و شعورش مبلغی تعیین کند ؛ اما قیمت گذاری برای دل  بی معناست .

   به او بگوئید که تسلیم هیاهو نشود و اگر خود را بر حق می داند ، پای سخنش بایستد و با تمام قوا بجنگد . در کار تدریس به فرزندم ، ملایمت به خرج دهید . اما از او یک نازپرورده نسازید . بگذارید او شجاع باشد . به او بیاموزید که به مردم اعتقاد داشته باشد . توقع زیادی است ؛ اما ببنید که می توانید چه کار بکنید .  »

 

همه چیز در مورد درس ‌4 كتاب‌ پيش ‌دانشگاهي 1

Intensifiers

 So / such… that/ enoush / too

So …. That/ such …. That/ too …./  enough

 

اين عبارت ها براي ربط دو جمله که رابطه علت و معلولي بين آن ها باشد استفاده مي شوند. به شکل هاي زير خوب توجه کنيد: 

+ that…. صفت/ قيدSo+

1) Reza is so clever that we all like him.

 «رضا آنقدر باهوش است که همگي دوستش داريم.»

- در اين ساختار قبل از that حتماً يا صفت با قيد به کار مي بريم.

 کاربرد قيد بعد از so

2) Ali speaks so slowly that I can’t hear him

عبارت such….. that  به معناي «آنچنان ....... است که .......»

 

+ that اسم (صفت)Such+(a/an)+

3- Reza is such a clever student that we all like him.

«رضا آنقدر دانش آموز باهوشي است که همه ما دوستش داريم.»

4) They are such people that nobody would get along with.

- در اين ساختار قبل از that وجود اسم اجباري است و و جود صفت اختياري

- اگر نهاد جمله جمع باشد نيازي به (a/an) نداريم.

5)They are such clever students that ……….

همينطور هنگامي که اسم قبل از that  غير قابل شمارش باشد(a/an) به کار نمي بريم.

6) It was such lovely weather that we decided to spend two more days there.

 بعد از so با توجه به ساختار زير مي توان از اسم نيز استفاده کرد:

جمله کامل + that + اسم جمع قابل شمارش + Few یا So + Many +  فعل + فاعل

 

7) She had so many letters to type that she couldn’t leave the office early.

8) There were so few windows that the air circulation was poor.

 

جمله کامل + that + اسم غیر قابل شمارش + little یا So + Much +  فعل + فاعل

9) There was so much noise in the hall that I couldn’t hear the professor.

10) There was so little time to finish the exam that I gave up.

عبارات زير را مقايسه کنيد:

 

a horse                                        An honest person              

a university                                An umbrella                        

a European city                        An egg                                  

در عبارات سمت راست کلمات با حرف صدادار(مصوت) تلفظ مي شوند در حالي که در عبارات سمت چپ کلمات با حرف بي صدا(صامت) تلفظ مي شوند پس:

"an" را پيش از کلماتي مي آوريم که صداي آغازين آن ها مصوت(صدادار) باشد.

Too

اين کلمه به معناي بيش از اندازه و بيش از حد مي باشد و معني و مفهومي منفي در بر دارد.

 

مصدر با  + to(مفعول + for)+ صفت/ قيد+ too+ فعل+ فاعل

11) The weather is too hot for me to wear a coat.

نکته: چنانچه ضمير آخر جمله با اسم اول جمله يکي باشد ضمير را از آخر جمله حذف مي کنيم.

 

Enough

 اين کلمه به معناي کافی، مفهوم مثبت داشته و با ساختاري  زير به کار مي رود.

مصدر با to+ (مفعول+ for)+ enough+ صفت/قيد+  فعل + فاعل

13) He is not tall enough to reach to the top shelf.

14) The suitcase was light enough for me to lift.

15) She didn’t type  the letter fast enough to get the job as a typist.

 ضمناً از enough به همراه اسم نيز مي توان با توجه به ساختار زير استفاده کرد.

مصدر با to+  اسم + enough+ فعل+ فاعل

16) They didn’t have enough time to go to the park.

17) We don’t have enough dishes to invite them all for dinner.

  نکته: مي توان با توجه به فرمول زير بعد از too از اسم نيز استفاده کرد.

          مصدر با to + (مفعول + for) + اسم + many یا too + much +  فعل + فاعل

18) I’m not sure. I’m afraid too many people coming for the food we have.

اسم جمع قابل شمارش                                                               

19) you cant lie in the back seat, Ahmad; you’re taking up too much room.

            اسم غير قابل شمارش                                                                                                                   

 

کاربردVery

توجه! کلمه very به همراه صفت ساده و يا قيد ساده به کار مي رود(وجه اشتراک با کاربرد so و too) اما جمله very به صورت ساده و غير ترکيبي به کار برده مي شود. جملات زير مقايسه شوند:

20) The weather is very hot.

21) The weather is so hot that we can’t stay out.

22) The weather is too hot to stay out.

 

 توجه! کلمه much را به تنهايي مي توان به همراه صفات و يا قيد هاي برتر استفاده کرد.

23) The weather is much warmer to day.

 

فراموش نکنيد که Much را همراه اسم هاي غير قابل شمارش نيز مي توانيم به کار ببريم.

24) We need much time to finish the job.

 

Do it yourself: put in  “so” or “such”

1- They’ve got  ………… a nice house that I always love studying there.

2- They were speaking …………. Quietly for me to hear what  they were saying.

3- His voice is ……….. pleasant that I could listen to him all day.

4- he drove …………. Fast for police to catch him.

5- It was…………… hot weather that nobody could do any work.

6- They live in that nice house and their garden is ............... beautiful.

7- Near some beaches the sea's not clean ............... for people to swim in.

8- The book was ............... boring that I stopped reading it.

9- I went to the film three times. It was ............... a nice film.

10- Sally's not old ............... to take the dog for a walk.

ادامه نوشته

همه چیز در مورد درس ‌3 كتاب‌ پيش ‌دانشگاهي1

Reduced Adjective Clauses

اگر به‌ خاطر داشته‌ باشيد گفتيم‌  clause  (جمله‌واره‌) جمله‌ي‌ كاملي‌ است‌ كه‌ يكي‌ از نقش‌هاي‌ اصلي‌ يا فرعي‌ را در جمله‌ بزرگتر ايفا مي‌كند. در درس‌ اول‌ جمله‌واره‌ قيدي‌ را تعريف‌ كرديم‌.

جمله‌واره‌ صفتي‌:

جمله‌ي‌ كاملي‌ است‌ كه‌ نقش‌ صفت‌ را براي‌ اسم‌ ماقبل‌ خود بازي‌ مي‌كند. دو جمله‌ زير را با هم‌ مقايسه‌ كنيد:

1) The stolen car was found today.

             اسم    صفت       

2) The car which was stolen yesterday was found today.

صفت                اسم        

 

در جمله‌ي‌(1) كلمه‌ي‌  stolen  توضيحي‌ براي‌  the car  مي‌دهد، پس‌ صفت‌ است‌ براي‌  .the car

در جمله‌ي‌(2) جمله‌واره‌  which was stolen yesterday  توضيحي‌ مي‌دهد براي‌  the car ، پس‌ جمله‌واره‌ صفتي‌ ناميده‌ مي‌شود.

 مثال‌ ديگر:

3) The energy which is coming from fuels like coal and oil is used to heat and light our homes.

            صفت‌                                                                                                                                     

در اين‌ جمله‌ نيز قسمتي‌ كه‌ زيرش‌ خط‌ كشيده‌ شده‌ جمله‌واره‌ صفتي‌ است‌  "energy"  را توصيف‌ مي‌كند.

 

توجه:

در جمله‌ي‌ (2)  which was stolen  ...  به‌ كلمه‌ي‌  "car"  نقش‌ و مفهوم‌ مفعولي‌ مي‌دهد.

 

 ولي‌ در جمله‌ي‌  ... which is comming from fuels (3)  به‌ كلمه‌ي energy   نقش‌  و مفهوم‌ مفعولی مي‌دهد.

 

نکته: 

در جمله‌واره‌هاي‌ صفتي‌ كه‌ با  who, that, which  شروع‌ مي‌شوند. چنانچه‌ بعد از اين‌ ضماير فعل‌  be  وجود داشته‌ باشد،  (were, was, are, is, am)  مي‌توانيم‌ ضماير  which, that, who  را به‌ همراه‌  be  حذف‌ كنيم‌ و به‌ اين‌ شكل‌  reduced form یا شکل خلاصه شده (adjective phrase ) می گویند

4) The car stolen yesterday was found today.

 (= The car which was stolen ...)

5) The energy coming from fuels like coal and oil is used to heat and light our homes.

             (= The energy which is coming from fuels ...)

 

در واقع‌ جملات‌ (4) و (5) همان‌ شكل‌ تغيير يافته‌ جملات‌ (2) و (3) هستند كه‌ ضماير موصولي‌ آنها به‌ همراه‌  be  حذف‌ شده‌اند.

 

فراموش‌ نكنيد كه‌: 

which,who و that را در این گونه جملات یا اصلاً حذف نکنید و یا اگر حذف کردید حتماً به همراه be حذف کنید.

6) Most plastics .............. from oil are difficult to recycle.

1) which made             2) are made                 3) made                        4) that made

 گزينه‌هاي‌ (1)، (2) و (4) غلط‌ هستند چون‌ در آن‌ها فقط‌ يك‌ عضو حذف‌ شده‌ است‌. در حذف‌، ضماير موصولي‌ را يا حذف‌ نكنيد يا هر دو عضو يعني‌  ضمير موصولي‌ +  be  را حذف‌ كنيد.

 به‌ تست‌ زير دقت‌ كنيد:

7) Heat .............. in the atmosphere causes the Earth to get warm.

1) trapping                   2) trapped                   3) which trapped          4) which trapping

 - گزينه‌هاي‌ (3) و (4) غلط‌ هستند چون‌  (are, am, is, be, ...)  را نمي‌توان‌ به‌ تنهايي‌ حذف‌ كرد.

 - گزينه‌ي‌ (1) غلط‌ است‌ چون‌ "heat"  (گرما) مفهوم‌ مفعولي‌ دارد. اگر فاعلي‌ بود  (ing)  يعني‌ گزينه‌ي‌ (1) صحيح‌ مي‌بود.

8) He is the person who is most concerned about my success.

    He is the person most concerned about my success.

 2) در جمله‌واره‌هاي‌ صفتي‌ كه‌ بعد از ضمير موصولي‌ فعل‌  to be  به‌كار نرفته‌ است‌، اگر فعل‌ بعد از ضمير موصولي‌ بيانگر يك‌ عادت‌ و يا يك‌ عمل‌ استمراري‌ باشد مي‌توان‌ ضمير موصولي‌ و فعل‌ را حذف‌ و فعل‌ مورد نظر را به‌ شكل‌  ing  دار نوشت‌.

9)  All over the world, there are people who pollute the environment.

All over the world, there are people  polluting the environment.

10) Passengers who travelled on this bus bought their tickets in books.

Passengers travelling on this bus bought their tickets in books.

11) Anyone who has a library card may check out books.

Anyone  having a library card may check out books.

ادامه نوشته

همه چیز در مورد درس‌ 2‌ كتاب‌ پيش ‌دانشگاهي1

 

 

Verb+ Object + Bare Infinitive.

By+ Gerund

 

(فعل ing دار+ by)  (1

بخش اول

هرگاه بخواهيم درباره انواع رفتار و منش هاي افراد صحبت کنيم مي توانيم از الگوي “by+ing” استفاده کنيم. به مثال هاي زير دقت کنيد:

1) Learn how to speak with confidence by using the communication power tools below.

2) Keep eye contact by knowing your speech so well that you need to have a quick look at your notes.

3) Involve your audience by asking questions, (by) talking to them directly and (by) getting them interested.

دقت کنيد: درمثال شماره ي (3) در دو  مورد آخر(By) داخل پرانتز آمده است يعني مي توانيم و البته بهتر است آن را حذف کنيم. چرا؟

دقت کنيد که از حرف اضافه “with” در اين کاربرد به جاي “by”   استفاده نمي شود چون بعد از “with” ابزار فيزيکي مطرح مي شوند.

 

4) You could easily cut that piece of meat with a sharp knife.

5) He was killed by his wife with a hammer.

 

 بخش دوم

کاربرد افعال بعد از يکديگر

در زبان انگليسي هرگاه دو يا چند فعل پشت سر هم بيايند، هر يک از آن ها با توجه به فعل قبل از خودش ممکن است به صورت مصد ر با to(Infinitive) مصدر بدون to(bare infinitive) و يا به صورت –ing دار(gerund) بيايد.

(Verb + Object + Bare infinitive)

Let & Make

 بعد از فعل “make” به معني «وادار  کردن» و بعد از فعل “let” به معني «اجازه دادن» ابتدا مفعول و سپس فعل به صورت مصدر بدون to به کار  مي رود.

6) Hot weather makes me feel tired.

7) Let me carry your bags for you.

8) She made peter wait outside.

9) Her parents wouldn’t let her go out alone.

 

A) اگر فعل "make" مجهول شود بعد از آن مصدر با to به کار مي رود.

(معلوم)10) He made me move my car.

(مجهول)I was made to move my car.

 

B) در حاليکه "let" چه در حالت معلوم و درچه حالت مجهول با مصدر بدون to همراه مي شود.

11) She let me leave the class early.

I wasn’t let leave the class early.

 

فعل "force" مترادف "make" و افعال"permit" و "allow"  مترادف "let"  مي باشند با اين تفاوت که بعد از آن ها مصدر با to  مي آيد.

Allow

 مصدر با to  +مفعولPermit +

Force

12) The speaker did not allow us to ask any questions.

13) The teacher forced all the students to read a book about effective ways of giving speech.

14) They permitted us to use their garage.

 

نکته: اگر بعد  از افعال allow،permit و advise بخواهيم بلافاصله فعل دوم به کار ببريم. اين فعل به صورت ing دار مي آيد.

 

Help

 بعد از "Help" به معني «کمک کردن» فعل مي تواند به صورت مصدر  با to يا بدون to  بيايد.

15) I’ll help you (to) arrange the party if you like.

 

اصطلاحي به صورت can’t + help +ing به معني «پرهيز کردن و يا جلوگيري کردن» وجود دارد که بعد از آن فعل به صورت ing  دار مي آيد:

16) she tried to be serious, but she couldn’t help laughing.

(= she couldn’t  stop herself from laughing).

 هشدار: مراقب باشيد که گمراه نشويد:

 17) she couldn’t help me (to) move the table.

 مفعول

در اينجا به سبب وجود مفعول پس از "help" تابع نکته جمله شماره ي (16) نمي باشد.

ادامه نوشته

همه چیز در مورد درس‌ اول‌ كتاب‌ پيش ‌دانشگاهي1

Conjunction in Adverbial Clauses

 

1) Mr. Alavi arrived home at 6:30.

 اگر از شما بپرسند در اين‌ جمله‌ قيد زمان‌ كدام‌ است‌ قطعاً پاسخ‌ شما 6:30  خواهد بود. حال‌ به‌ اين‌ جمله‌ دقت‌ كنيد و قيد را پيداكنيد:

2) Mr. Alavi arrived home while we were having dinner.

 در اين‌ جمله‌ قيد زمان‌ while we were having dinner  مي‌باشد كه‌ خود به‌ تنهايي‌ يك‌ جمله‌ است‌. در جمله‌ مركب‌ دوم‌ نقش‌ قيد را يك‌ جمله‌ كامل‌ بازي‌ مي‌كند. يك‌ بار ديگر جمله‌ي‌ شماره‌ي‌ (2) را در نظر بگيريد:

 جمله‌ مركب‌ = جمله‌ وابسته‌ + جمله‌ مستقل‌

Mr. Alavi arrived homeجمله‌ پايه‌ (مستقل)....  ‌

While we were having dinner … جمله‌ وابسته‌ (پيرو)

 به‌ بخش‌ دوم‌ كه‌ به‌ لحاظ‌ معنايي‌ نقش‌ يكي‌ از اعضاي‌ جمله‌ اصلي‌ (در اينجا قيد) را بازي‌ مي‌كند  clause  يا  جمله‌واره‌ مي‌گويند.  clause ها انواع‌ مختلفي‌ دارند كه‌ بر حسب‌ نقش‌ آن‌ها نامگذاري‌ مي‌شوند. در اين‌ جا جمله‌واره‌ مورد نظر نقش‌ قيد (زمان‌) را براي‌ جمله‌ اصلي‌ دارد، پس‌ به‌ آن‌ جمله‌واره‌ قيدي‌  Adverbial Clause  مي‌گوييم‌.

 شما در سال‌ سوم‌ با جمله‌واره‌ اسمي‌  Noun Clause  آشنا شديد و در درس‌ سوم‌ پيش‌دانشگاهي‌ با  Adjective Clause  نيز آشنا خواهيد شد.

 جمله‌ي‌ شماره‌ي‌ (3) شكل‌ تغيير يافته‌ جمله‌ي‌ شماره‌ي‌ (2) است‌ كه‌ در آن‌، جاي‌ دو قسمت‌ پايه‌ و پيرو عوض‌ شده‌ است‌.

 به‌ كاربرد كاما (،) دقت‌ كنيد:

3) While we were having dinner, Mr. Alavi arrived home.

 هرگاه‌ جمله‌واره‌ قيدي‌ به‌ ابتداي‌ جمله‌ مركب‌ منتقل‌ شود بين‌ دو قسمت‌ كاما (،) مي‌آوريم‌.

 به‌ جمله‌هاي‌ زير دقت‌ كنيد و جمله‌ واره‌هاي‌ قيدي‌ آن‌ها را مشخص‌ كنيد:

4) When you do aerobic exercise and bring in oxygen, your heart becomes stronger.

5) As your muscles get stronger, you can do more active things for longer periods of time.

6) Exercising is an excellent way to feel happy whether you are exercising on your own or with a group.

 در جملات‌ (4) و (5) تا قبل‌ از (،) جمله‌واره‌ قيدي‌ داريم‌ و در جمله‌ي‌ (6) بعد از كلمه‌  whether  جمله‌واره‌ قيدي‌ آمده‌ است‌.

 در ابتداي‌ تمامي‌ جمله‌واره‌هاي‌ قيدي‌ حتماً يكي‌ از كلمات‌ زير را خواهيد يافت‌ كه‌ البته‌ معني‌ و كاربرد هر يك‌ مفهوم‌ متفاوتي‌ به‌ جمله‌واره‌ بعد از خود مي‌دهد:

 جمله‌واره‌ قيدي‌ مي‌تواند با يكي‌ از كلمات‌ زير و با مفاهيم‌ خاص‌ آن‌ها آغاز شود:

ادامه نوشته