چگونه خوب سخنراني کنيم؟

 

1- چه براي حضار 50 نفره چه يک نفره، ترس و دست پاچگي در مورد صحبت کردن در جمع را مي توان کنترل کرد.

سخنراني در جمع مهارتي است که هر کسي مي تواند با تمرين آن را ياد بگيرد. ياد بگيريد که چگو.نه با اعتماد به نفس صحبت کنيد، و سخنراني خود را با استفاده از ابزار قدرتمند ارتباطي زير جالب سازيد.

1  Whether for an audience of 50 or an audience of 1, fear and embarrassment about speaking to people can be controlled. Public speaking is a skill that every one can learn with practice. Learn how to speak with confidence, and make your presentation interesting by using the communication power tools below.

2- نگاه مستقيم

* ارتباط چشمي مناسب به حضار شما کمک مي کند تا آرامش بيشتري داشته باشند در توانايي سخنراني شما اعتماد به نفس به وجود مي آورد. نگاه مستقيم خود را مي توانيد با شنونگان خود حفظ کنيد در صورتي که به متن سخنراني خود آنقدر مسلط باشيد  که فقط هر چند وقت يکبار مجبور باشيد به متن نگاه کنيد.

2 Eye Contact O

Good eye contact helps your audience feel more relaxed and builds confidence in your speaking ability. Keep eye contact by knowing your speech so well that you need to have a quick look at your notes only form time to time.

* چند چهره دوستانه رابين حضار پيدا کنيد که به پيام شما واکنش نشان مي دهند و سخنراني تان را روي آنها متمرکز کنيد. هر بار 4 يا 5 ثانيه به مخاطب نگاه کنيد و سپس نگاه خود را به شخص ديگري معطوف کنيد.

O Find a few friendly faces in the audience that react to your message and concentrate on giving your speech to them. Keep eye contact for four to five seconds at a time, and then move to someone else.

3- نحوه ايستادن و حرکات بدن

* وضعيت بدن اعتماد به نفس را نشان مي دهد. با ثبات بايستيد. حرکات زيادي مي تواند شنوندگان شما را مشوش سازد.

3 Stance and Body Movements

O Good posture shows confidence. Stand firmly.

Too much movement can be distracting to your listeners.

* به طور عادي بازوهايتان را کنار پهلوهايتان نگاه مي داريد. شما مي توانيد براي تأکيد روي نکات اصلي از حرکاتي استفاده کنيد که آهسته و دقيق باشند اما طبيعي به نظر برسند.

O You normally hold your arms along your sides. To emphasize main points, you'll want to use movements that are slow and careful but look natural.

* آگاه باشيد عاداتي که شما داريد مثل دست به سينه ايستادن و با تکيه دادن به ديوار يا با خودکار ضربه زدن باعث حواس پرتي حضار مي شوند يا ممکن است که آنها بگويند شما بدون اعتماد به نفس هستيد.

O Be aware of habits you might have like crossing your arms, leaning against a wall, or tapping a pen. This might also be distracting to your audience or might tell them that you are uninterested or unconfident.

* سخنراني خودتان را جلوي آينه تمرين کنيد تا از اين طريق حرکات بدني خود را کنترل کنيد و اگر لازم باشد آنها را تغيير دهيد.

راههاي گوناگون را امتحان کنيد تا اينکه به تعادلي از حرکات مناسب در حضور سايرين برسيد.

O Practice your speech in front of a mirror to check your way of presentation and body movements and change them if necessary.

Try many different ways to find a comfortable

balance of gestures to use in front of an audience.

4- حالات چهره

* حالات دوستانه ي چهره باعث مي شود که ارتباط مثبت و گرمي  را با حضارتان برقرار کنيد. لبخندي بر چهره شما باعث مي شود که آنها شما را انسان (مهربان) و قابل اعتماد ببينند و به آنها دلايل   بيشتري را جهت پذيرش عقايد شما مي دهد.

4 Facial Expressions

O Friendly facial expressions help to build a warm and positive relationship with your audience.

A smile on your face lets them know that you are human and trustworthy, giving them more reasons to accept your ideas.

* حالت چهره شما نشان دهنده حس و حال و هواي سخنراني شماست و حضار را با خود همراه مي کند.

O Expressions on your face show the mood of your speech and keep the audience involved.

5- لباس مناسب

 انتخاب خوب لباس به شما کمک مي کند تا براي حضار خود احترام قايل شويد.

5 Suitable dress

O Good choice of clothes helps you have respect for your audience.

قبل از رسيدن براي ارائه سخنراني نظر ديگران را در مورد انتخاب لباستان سؤال کنيد و اينکه چه مقدار اين لباس براي اين مناسبت شايسته است.

Before you arrive to give your presentation, ask others for their opinion on your choice of clothing and how suitable it is for the  occasion.

6- رسايي صدا

بعضي وقتها لحن صدا مي تواند اثري قوي تر از خود پيام داشته باشد.

به وسيله تمرين احساس و انرژي  را در صدايتان بيفزائيد.

شما مي توانيد با عوامل زير به سخنراني خود تنوع بدهيد:

6 Voice Projection

O Sometimes tone of voice can have a stronger effect than the message.

Put feeling and energy into your voice by practicing. You can add variety to your speech by:

بالا و پايين بردن صدايتان

O raising or lowering your voice,

کم و زياد کردن سرعت کلمات تا سبب احساس هيجان حضار شود،

O changing the speed of your words to make the audience feel excited,

به جاي گفتن«آه»-«ام» و ـ«همانطوري که مي دانيد» از مکث و سکوت استفاده کنيد،

O using pauses and silences instead of saying "uh", "umm" and "you know",

کم و زياد کردن ميزان صدا براي تأکيد بر نکات اصلي و همراه کردن شنوندگان،

O increasing and decreasing the volume of your voice to emphasize main points and involving the listeners,

به صداي خود انرژي بدهيد تا صدايتان کسل کننده و بي هيجان نباشد.

O adding energy so that your voice will never be boring or emotionless, and

هر روز تمرين کنيد و صداي خود را ضبط کنيد تا بفهميد در کجا ممکن است تغييرات لازم باشد.

O practicing every day and recording your voice to see where changes may be necessary.

7- همراه کردن شنوندگان

* حضار را با پرسيدن سوالات، خطاب مستقيم، علاقه مند کردن آنها با خود  همراه کنيد. اين کار باعث مي شود که شما رابطه اي راحت با حضار پيدا کنيد.

7 Audience Involvement

O Involve your audience by asking questions, talking to them directly, and getting them interested. This helps build a relaxed relationship with your audience.

*  استفاده از جملات جالب آغازين، تصاوير، نقشه ها، فيلم، و يا با درخواست کمک در بحث باعث مي شود که آنها را با خود همراه کنيد.

O Involve the audience by using attractive opening sentences, pictures, maps, pieces of films, or by asking for help from the audience.

8- حس طنز

* هدف از شوخي اين نيست که شما يک هنرپيشه طنز باشيد بلکه براي شما فضاي راحتي را ايجاد مي کند تا شما با حضار سرگرم شوید.

طنز بین یک اجرای عالی و یک اجرای متوسط تفاوت ایجاد می کند.

8 Sense of Humor 

O The purpose of humor is not to be a comedian but for you to create a comfortable atmosphere and have fun with your audience.

Humor can make the difference between an average and an excellent presentation.

* اندکي شوخي و طنز در سخنراني به حضار اجازه مي دهد که  بدانند که شما هم انسان (داراي خلق و خوي مهربان) هستيد و اگر در جلسه شوخي و سرگرمي وجود داشته باشد افراد واقعاً بهتر ياد مي گيرند. سعي کنيد داستانهاي شخصي يا وقايع اخير را تعريف کنيد تا سخنراني تان جذاب و مفرح شود.

O A little humor in your speech lets the audience know you are human and people actually learn more if they are having fun. Try to include personal stories or recent events to add fun to your speech.

9- مهار کردن اضطراب

* اغلب مردم از صحبت کردن در جمع مي ترسند حتي آنها بيشتر از مرگ از اين مسئله مي ترسند. همه ي انسانها وقتي در جمع صحبت مي کنند مقداري اضطراب دارند اما نکته اين نيست که اين اضطراب را پايان دهيم بلکه بايد ياد بگيريم که آن را مهار کنيم.

9 Controlling Nervousness

O Most people are afraid of speaking in public. They fear this even more than death. Everyone has a certain amount of nervousness when talking to a group, but the point is not to end nervousness; learn to control it.

* قبل از سخنراني براي داشتن آرامش چند نفس عميق بکشيد.

O Just before your speech do some deep breathing exercises to relax.

* از اين اضطراب براي هيجان دادن به سخنراني تان استفاده کنيد.

O Use your nervousness to add excitement to your speech.

* به خاطر داشته باشيد که از شما خواسته اند سخنراني کنيد چون شما حرفهاي مهمي براي گفتن داريد.

O Remember you were asked to talk because you had something important to say.

* همه خواهان موفقيت شما هستند.

O Everyone wants you succeed.

10- صحبت کردن در جمع مهارتي است که شما مي توانيد با تمرين کردن آن را ياد بگيريد. ترستان را کنترل کنيد و با تمرين کردن مهارت هاي بالا در صحبت در جمع موفق خواهيد بود.

10 Speaking in public is a skill you can learn with practice. Controlling your fear and practicing the above skills in public speaking can bring you success.

 

Cloze Passage

 

As there is no air or water on the moon, it is not suitable to live on. It is ......(1)...... from the earth in many ways. The ......(2)...... of the moon is not able to ......(3)...... heat. So, when the moon's surface gets ......(4)...... the heat runs away from it very ......(5)...... and severe heat changes into severe cold. These extreme temperatures continually break rocks away from the surface of mountains.

1-

1) apart

2) away

3) different

4)similar

2-

1) center

2) dust

3) shape

4) size

3-

1) discover

2) produce

3) spend

4) store

4-

1) dark

2) mild

3) hard

4) soft

5-

1) awfully

2) silently

3) quietly

4) rapidly

 

Reading Comprehension (I)

 

An audience makes up its mind very quickly. Once the mood of an audience is set, it is difficult to change it, that is why introductions are important. If the speech is amusing, the speaker can start off by telling a good-natured story about the subject or himself.

An ending should also contain a sentence or two which sounds like an ending-a short  summary of the main points of the speech or the repeat of a phrase that most brings what the speaker has hoped to convey. It is valuable to think of the last sentence or two such as: "In closing ..." or "I have one last thing to say ...", etc.

 

6- The writer believes that the mood of an audience ............ .

1) never changes

2) hardly changes

3) is easily changeable

4) is always good natured

 

7- The phrase good-natured is closest in meaning to ............ .

1) valuable

2) main

3) natural

4)  funny

 

 

8- The writer believes that telling stories about yourself ............ .

1) can always be helpful in speech

2) is never useful in speech

3) can be a positive point in some speeches

4) has no certain effect while giving a speech

 

9-The phrase " I have one last sentence to say" is a kind of ............ .

1) summary

2) conclusion

3) introduction

4)  main point

 

10- In the second line "it" refers to ............ .

1) audience

2) mood

3) speech

4)  mind

 

Reading Comprehension (II)

 

When Mr Jones was employed as an accountant, he replaced a 60 year old man. Now, 40 years later, Mr Jones is about 70  years old and still works in that company. During this long period, he has seen many changes, such as using computers instead of paper and pencil. "He is as active  as when he started his work;" He is an unusual person. "Says his boss. Mr Jones says:" I find it fascinating to keep on working. I never worry about becoming the president of the company. I just like to do my job well."

Sometimes he thinks of becoming retired from work, but he says that sitting at home and having nothing to do is certainly very boring.

 

11- According to the passage Mr Jones's sense of duty is ............ .

1) admirable

2) disappointing

3) dangerous

4) irregular

 

12- When Mr Jones was employed he was ............ .

1) a young man of 20

2) about 30 years old

3) between 40 and 60

4) more than 40 years old

 

13- The boss thinks Mr Jones ............ .

1) spends his energy very uselessly

2) must be taken care of frequently

3) should be replaced immediately

4)does his duty very efficiently

Grammar Digest

 

 Let

1-  Make + object + bare infinitive

 Help

* Help can also be followed by an infinitive.

 

O She lets her children do what they want to.

O I made him give me the money back.

O He helped his wife do/to do the dishes.

O She was made to do the exercise again.

 

2- By + -ing form (gerund)

 O I showed my happiness by smiling.

O Reza passed the test by studying hard.

Vocabulary Review

 

 

audience:

Involve your audience by asking questions, talking to them directly.

aware:

Be aware of habits you might have like crossing your arms.

comedian:

The purpose of humor is not to be a comedian.

communicate:

Make your presentation interesting by using the communication power tools below.

decrease:

Increasing and decreasing the volume of your voice to emphasize main points and involving the listeners.

disturb:

While giving a speech, eye contact disturbs the audience.

embarrassment:

Fear and embarrassment about speaking to people can be controlled.

emotionless:

Add energy to your voice so that your voice will never be boring or emotionless.

emphasize:

To emphasize main points, use movements that are slow but look natural.

expression / facial:

Friendly facial expressions help to build a  warm and positive relationship with your audience.

firmly:

Stand firmly.

humor:

A little humor in your speech lets the  audience know you are human.

gesture:

Try many different ways to find a comfortable balance of gestures to use in front of an audience.

mirror:

Practice your speech in front of a mirror.

mood:

Expressions on your face show the mood of your speech and keep the audience involved.

nervousness:

Use your nervousness to add excitement to your speech.

normally:

You normally hold your arms along your sides.

pause:

Using pauses and silences instead of saying "uh" , "umm" and you know.

posture:

Good posture shows confidence.

presentation:

Humor can make the difference between an average and an excellent presentation.

public:

Most people are afraid of speaking in public.

raise / lower:

Raising or lowering your voice.

react:

Find a few friendly faces in the audience that react to your message and concentrate on giving your speech to them.

succeed:

Every one wants you to succeed.

concentrate:

Find a few friendly faces in the audience that react to your

message and concentrate on giving your speech to them.

confidence:

Learn how to speak with confidence.

contact:

Good eye contact helps your audience feel more relaxed.

tone:

Sometimes tone of voice can have a stronger effect than the

message.

variety:

You can add variety to your speech ...

anxious:

Why do so many people feel anxious in this situation.

brilliant:

Be brief, be brilliant, and be gone.

distract:

Too much body movement is distracting.

disturb:

Eye contact may disturb the audience.

                

explicit / implicit:

understanding explicit / implicit information.

formation:

Guessing unknown words through word formation clues.

generalize:

Sometimes plural nouns are used to generalize something.

projection / ignore

If you keep the same speed of words when speaking, you ignore the voice projection communication power tool.

lean:

Habits like crossing your arms or leaning the against wall may have bad effects on the audience.

method:

"By + ing" shows the method or means used to do something.

normally:

You normally hold your arms along your sides.

 

occasion:

Ask others for their opinion on your choice of clothing and how suitable it is for the occasion.

stance:

stance and body movements.