همه چیز در مورد درس 3 كتاب پيش دانشگاهي1
Do it yourself:
Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs in the correct form.
(write - name - ring - invite - blow - offer - make - live - sit - read)
1. A lot of people ............ to the party cannot come.
2. The decisions ............ at today's meeting will affect all of us.
3. Somebody ............ Jack phoned while you were out.
4. There was a tree ............ down in the storm last night.
5. Life must be unpleasant for people ............ near busy airports.
6. The instructions ............ on the label say it should only take a few minutes to cook.
7. A few days after the interview, I received a letter ............ me the job.
9,8. The waiting room was empty except for a young man ............ by the window ............ a magazine.
10. I was awakened by a bell ............ .
Global Warming, Global Concern
گرماي جهاني، نگراني جهاني
1 The world is getting warmer. It has warmed by half a degree centigrade over the past 100 years. But why? And how? well, scientists are not exactly sure. The Earth could get warmer by itself, without help from people. Many climate scientists think there is another reason for the change in temperature. They think that human activities like cutting down the trees, producing trash, and burning fuels like coal and oil are helping make the earth warmer. Just because the weather has been hot for a month or two does not mean that global warming has arrived. But scientists think that as we use more gasoline and electricity, the Earth's going to get warmer. They believe that we know enough about the problem to take some action.
1- جهان در حال گرمتر شدن است. طي يكصد سال گذشته در حدود نيم درجة سانتيگراد به گرماي آن اضافه شده است. اما چرا؟ و چطور؟ دانشمندان دقيقاً مطمئن نيستند. زمين ميتواند به خودي خود و بدون آنكه بشر به گرم شدن آن كمك كرده باشد، رو به گرمي رود. بسياري از دانشمندان آب و هوا فكر ميكنند كه دليل ديگري براي بالا رفتن دما وجود دارد. آنها معتقد هستند كه فعاليتهاي بشري از قبيل بريدن درختان، توليد زباله، سوزاندن سوختهايي مثل زغال سنگ و نفت بيشتر به گرمتر شدن زمين كمك ميكند. تنها گرم شدن هوا به مدت يك يا دو ماه بدين معنا نيست كه پديدة افزايش دماي جهاني زمين فرا رسيده است. اما دانشمندان عقيده دارند كه به همان نسبت كه ما از سوختهايي نظير بنزين و نيروي الكتريسيته بيشتر استفاده ميكنيم بر حرارت زمين افزوده خواهد شد. آنها معتقدند كه ما به اندازه كافي دربارة اين مسئله اطلاع داريم تا بتوانيم (براي اين مشكل) دست به اقداماتي بزنيم.
Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and Global Warming
اثر گلخانهاي، تغييرات آب و هوا، و گرماي جهاني
2 The Greenhouse Effect: scientists are sure about the greenhouse effect. They know that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane make the Earth warmer. They do so by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
2- اثر گلخانهاي: دانشمندان دربارة اثر گلخانهاي اطمينان دارند. آنها ميدانند كه گازهاي گلخانهاي از قبيل دياكسيد كربن و متان زمين را گرمتر ميكنند. اين گازها با به دام انداختن (نگهداري) حرارت (گرما) در جو كره زمين باعث گرم شدن آن ميشوند.
3 Climate Change: climate is the average of a region's weather over a period of time. For example, it is possible that a winter day in a city could be sunny and mild, but the average weather tells us that its winters will mainly be cold and include snow and rain. Climate change is a change in these general weather patterns. They can become warmer or colder; amounts of rainfall or snowfall can increase or decrease each year.
3- تغييرات آب و هوا: آب و هوا عبارت است از متوسط هواي يك ناحيه در يك دوره زماني مشخص. مثلاً ممكن است يك روز زمستاني در شهري هوا آفتابي و ملايم باشد، اما متوسط دماي هواي آن شهر مشخص كند كه زمستانهاي آن منطقه عموماً سرد و داراي برف و باران خواهد بود. تغيير اقليم تغييري در اين الگوي كلي آب و هوا است. اين الگوها ممكن است سردتر يا گرمتر شوند و ميزان بارش برف و باران در آن در هر سال كاهش يا افزايش يابد.
4 Global warming: Global warming is the average increase in the Earth's temperature, which then causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may have results such as changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, and different effects on plants, wild life, and humans. When scientists talk about climate change, they are concerned about global warming caused by human activities.
4- گرم شدن جهاني: گرم شدن جهان عبارت است از ميانگين افزايش حرارت زمين به طوري كه سبب تغييرات در آب و هواي منطقه شود.
گرمتر شدن زمين ممكن است نتايجي مثل تغييرات در الگوهاي ريزش باران، بالا آمدن سطح درياها و ايجاد تغييرات مختلفي بر روي گياهان، حيات وحش و زندگي بشر داشته باشد. وقتي دانشمندان دربارة تغييرات آب و هوا صحبت ميكنند، در واقع نگران گرمتر شدن زمين در اثر فعاليتهاي بشري هستند.
Why should we care?
چرا بايد نگران باشيم؟
5 Global warming brings with it no guarantees. We don't know exactly what will happen - what the effects will be - nor do we know exactly where or when they will make problems. But it should be said that scientists have a pretty good idea of what is going to happen. Scientists and researchers from different fields tell us that the possible effects of climate change could be big and in some cases, would cause serious problems. Among the possible effects are increased number of human deaths, extinction of groups of animals and plants, and a dangerous rise in see levels. With this in mind, we have to think of the costs of action and weigh them against the risks of inaction.
گرمايش جهاني هيچ تضميني ندارد. ما نميدانيم واقعاً با گرمتر شدن زمين چه اتفاقي خواهد افتاد. و اين گرم شدن چه اثراتي خواهد داشت و ما دقيقاً نميدانيم كه اين تغيير درجه حرارت در كجا و چه موقع سبب مشكلات خواهد شد. اما دانشمندان نظر نسبتاً خوبي دارند از آنچه كه در حال اتفاق افتادن است. دانشمندان و محققين از تخصصهاي مختلف به ما ميگويند كه تأثيرات تغييرات آب و هوا ميتواند عظيم باشد و در بسياري از موارد باعث مشكلات جدي شود. در ميان اين تأثيرات ميتوان به افزايش مرگ و مير در ميان انسانها، انقراض جانوران و گياهان و بالا رفتن خطرناك سطح درياها اشاره نمود. با در نظر گرفتن اين موضوع ما بايد هزينههاي اقدام كردن را در نظر گرفته و آن را در برابر خطرات اقدام نكردن بسنجيم.
We can make a difference!
ما ميتوانيم باعث تغيير شويم!
6 Global warming may be a big problem, but there are many little things we can do to make a difference.
If we try most of us can do our part to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that we put into the atmosphere. Many greenhouse gases coming from things we do every day trap energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.The following is a list of what we can do and think about.
6- گرم شدن جهاني ممكن است يك مشكل بزرگ باشد، اما چيزهاي كوچكي هست كه ما ميتوانيم انجام دهيم تا باعث تغيير شويم.
اگر سعي كنيم ميتوانيم ميزان گازهاي گلخانهاي را كه وارد جو زمين ميشود كاهش دهيم. بسياري از گازهاي گلخانهاي از فعاليتهاي روزمرة ما ايجاد شده است و ما انرژي را در اتمسفر هر روز به دام انداخته و زمين را گرمتر ميسازيم.موارد زير فهرستي است از كارهايي كه ميتوانيم انجام دهيم و يا به آن بينديشيم.
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7 Some things we can do: 1. Read about the importance of the environment. 2. Save electricity. 3. Ride a bicycle, take a bus, or walk. 4. Plant trees. 5. Talk to your family and friends about global warming. 6. Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags, and newspapers. 7. Buy things that don't use much energy.
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7- بعضي چيزهايي كه ما ميتوانيم انجام بدهيم: 1- دربارة اهميت آب و هواي محيط مطالعه كنيد. 2- در مصرف برق صرفهجويي كنيد. 3- دوچرخهسوار شويد با اتوبوس يا پياده رفت و آمد كنيد. 4- درخت بكاريد. 5- در مورد گرم شدن جهان با خانواده و دوستان خود صحبت كنيد. 6- قوطيها، بطريها، كيسههاي پلاستيكي و روزنامهها را بازيافت كنيد. 7- چيزهايي را بخريد كه انرژي زيادي مصرف نميكنند.
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8 Some things we can think about:
8- چيزهايي كه ميتوانيم در موردشان فكر كنيم:
1. Solar energy - energy that comes from the sun - can be used to heat homes, buildings, water, and to make electricity.
2. Cars cause pollution and release many greenhouse gases into the air.
Driving cars that use less fuel can help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the air.
1- انرژي خورشيد ـ انرژي كه از نور خورشيد حاصل شده است براي گرمايش خانهها، ساختمانها، آب و توليد برق مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.
2- اتومبيلها سبب آلودگي هوا ميشوند و بسياري از گازهاي گلخانهاي را به هوا رها ميكنند. اتومبيلهايي را برانيم كه از سوخت كمتري استفاده ميكنند و ميتوانند به كاهش ميزان گازهاي گلخانهاي در هوا كمك كنند.
Cloze Passage
In the past, the mountains of
1- 1) locked up 2) looked up 3) cut down 4) dropped down
2- 1) coal 2) heat 3) source 4) exhaust
3- 1) climate 2) pattern 3) atmosphere 4) temperature
4- 1) attract 2) plant 3) excite 4) involve
5- 1) record 2) reflect 3) trap 4) absorb
Reading Comprehension (I)
Most people know something about the greenhouse effect. Factories send gases such as carbon dioxide, or CO 2 into the atmosphere, the air around the Earth. In the past, this wasn't a problem because trees absorbed, or drank in CO 2 . But now people are cutting down billions of trees in many countries. At the same time, factories are sending more CO 2 into the atmosphere. It's difficult to believe, but factories put billions of tons of CO 2 into the atmosphere every year! One ton is 2000 pounds, so this is a lot of pollution. There is too much CO 2 and there aren't enough trees, so the world is getting warmer. In other words, we have a greenhouse effect. This is terrible for the environment.
What can we do about this? First, we can stop using so much coal and oil. We can learn to use different kinds of energy: the sun, wind, and heat from volcanoes and from inside the Earth. Second, instead of cutting down trees, we should plant trees. One tree can absorb ten pounds of carbon dioxide every year.
6- Cutting down trees in countries is mentioned as ........................... .
1) an ancient source of energy for man 2) raw materials for some factories
3) a cause of greenhouse effect 4) a good replacement for coal and oil
7- Factories can play a role in greenhouse effect increase by ..................... .
1) cutting down more trees 2) sending out CO 2 into the atmosphere
3) absorbing pollution of the atmosphere 4) using coal and oil as fuel
8- The writer believes that ........................ .
1) people have got more concerned about greenhouse effect than before
2) factories can drink in pollution and recycle it
3) global warming and greenhouse effect are two different issues
4) trees are good means for removing pollution from atmosphere
9- In which sentence the writer shows a way to control greenhouse effect?
1) We should plant trees. 2) One ton is 2000 pounds
3) So, this is a lot of pollution. 4) One tree can absorb ten pounds of CO 2
10- Why factories sending out gases weren't a problem in the past?
1) Since they used, wind, sun or heat as energy.
2) As they planted trees, they had less problem.
3) Because trees absorbed greenhouse gases.
4) Since people knew less about global warming.
Reading Comprehension (II)
The
Construction took around ten years and resulted in a wall that was nearly 5.000 km. This means that around 40 km was built every month. Three million people (nearly 70% of
Today only 30% of the Great Wall is still standing. Much of it has been destroyed by nature and by man. However, it is still the longest man - made structure in the world. Thousands of tourists visit the Great Wall every day - the most popular site is a portion about 80km of the capital,
11- The
1) was started 1500 years ago 2) took 100 years to be completed
3) was built in the south of
12- People who worked to build the wall ......................... .
1) were all volunteers 2) did it as a punishment
3) were paid by the Emperor Qui Shi Huang 4) had to work for about 4 to 10 years
13- The wall became known as .......................... .
1) "Wall of The Gods" 2) "10,000 Long Wall"
3) "5000 - Li Chang Cheng" 4) "5,000 km Long Wall"
14- Today, two factors which are destructing the wall are ......................... .
1) tourists and invaders 2) prison and punishment
3) man and nature 4) Cheng and Wang
15- What is specific about the
1) It is longest man - made structure in the world.
2) It is the most popular place for tourists.
3) 70% of china's population took part in its construction.
4) One million people died during construction.
پاسخنامه کليدی:
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1-3 2-1 3-3 4-2 |
5-4 6-3 7-2 8-4 |
9-1 10-3 11-4 12-2 |
13-4 14-3 15-1 |
Grammar Digest
1- Adjective clauses with an active structure are reduced to adjective phrases through an - ing form.
The men who work in this area are in danger.
The men working in this area are in danger.
Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric shock.
Anyone touching that wire will get an electric shock.
2- Adjective clauses with a passive structure are reduced to adjective phrases through a past participle form.
Most of the people who were invited to the party were old friends.
Most of the people invited to the party were old friends.
The cars which are produced in this factory use a lot of fuel.
The cars produced in this factory use a lot of fuel.
Vocabulary Review
Attribute:
Attributed to Mark Twain American writer.
conditions:
Cutting down the trees changes the conditions of the atmosphere.
contrast:
Guessing unknown words through contrast cues and surrounding words.
issue:
When scientists talk about the issue of climate change, They are concerned about global warming that is caused by human activities.
particular:
When all the animals and plants of a particular type die.
rainfall:
A warmer Earth may have results such as changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels.
reference:
understanding reference.
surrounding:
Guessing unknown words through contrast cues and surrounding words.
atmosphere:
Many greenhouse gases coming from things we do every day trap energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.
carbon dioxide:
Scientists know that green house gases like carbon dioxide and methane make the Earth warmer.
cause:
Global warming is the average increase in the earth's tempertaure which then causes changes in climate.
climate:
Many climate scientists think there is another reason for the change in temperature.
concerned:
When scientists talk about climate change, they are concerned about global warming caused by human activities.
environment:
Read about the importance of the environment.
extinction:
Some of the plants are in danger of extinction.
gasoline:
Scientists think that as we use more gasoline and electricity, the Earth is going to get warmer.
global:
Global warming is the average increase in the Earth's temperature.
guarantee:
Global warming brings with it no guarantees.
mainly:
The average weather tells us that its winters will mainly be cold and include snow and rain.
methane:
Carbon dioxide and methane make the earth warmer.
mild:
A winter day in a city could be sunny and mild.
pattern:
Climate change is a change in these general weather patterns.
Planet:
The greenhouse effect is dangerous for the planet.
pollution:
Cars cause pollution and release many greenhouse gases into the air.
recycle:
Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags, and newspaper.
reduce:
Driving cars that use less fuel can help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the air.
region:
Climate is the average of a region's weather over a period of time.
scientist:
scientist are sure about the green house effect.
sea level:
A warmer Earth may have results such as changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level.
Snowfall:
Climate can become warmer or colder; amounts of rainfall or snowfall can increase or decrease each year.
solar:
Solar energy-energy that comes from the sun-can be used to heat homes, buildings, water, and to make electricity.
temperature:
There is another reason for the change in tempreture.
trap:
They do so by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
trash:
Scientists think that human activities like cutting down the trees, producing trash can make the Earth warmer.
inaction:
We have to think of the costs of action and weigh them against the risk of inaction.
بناب، خ دانشجو، ساختمان صالح مطلق 2،